Information and Communication Technology, ICT (English: Information and Communication
Technologies; ICT) is a large umbrella term that covers all the technical
equipment to process and communicate information. ICT covers two aspects of
information technology and communication technology. Information technology
encompasses all matters relating to the processing, use as a tool,
manipulation, and management of information. While communication technology is
everything associated with the use of tools to process and transfer data from
one device to another. Therefore, the information technology and communication
technology are two inseparable concepts. So the Information and Communication
Technology contains the broadest sense any activity related to the processing,
manipulation, management, transfer of information among media. The term ICT
emerged after the combination of computer technology (both hardware and
software) and communications technology in the mid-20th century. The
combination of both technologies are rapidly evolving beyond other technology
areas. Until the beginning of the 21st century ICT continue to experience a
variety of changes and have not seen the point of saturation.
History
There are a few milestones of
technological development significantly contribute to the development of ICT to
date. First, the findings of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1875. The
findings are then developed into communication with the wired network provision
covering the entire continent of America, and even followed
komunikasitrans-Atlantic cabling. The telephone network is a massive
infrastructure built first humans to global communication. Entering the 20th
century, precisely between the years 1910 to 1920, realized a wireless voice
transmission through the first AM radio broadcasts. Wireless voice communications
is growing rapidly too soon. Then followed by an audio-visual transmission
without wires, in the form of television broadcasts in the 1940s. The first
operational electronic computer in 1943. Then followed by a stage of
miniaturization of electronic components through the invention of the
transistor in 1947 and the integrated circuit (integrated electronics) in 1957.
The development of electronic technology, which is the forerunner of the
current ICT, get golden moments in the Cold eraPerang. Science and technology
competition between the Western bloc (United States) and Eastern Bloc (former
Soviet Union) actually spur the development of electronic technology through
the efforts of miniaturization of electronic circuits for controlling
spacecraft and the machines of war. Miniaturization of electronic components,
through the creation of an integrated circuit, the microprocessor birth peak.
Microprocessor that is the 'brain' of the computer hardware and continues to
evolve to this day. Telecommunications equipment rapidly expanding digital
technology replaces analog technology into use. Analog technology begun to show
the limits of the maximum pengeksplorasiannya. Digitalization of
telecommunications equipment and then converging with computer equipment from
the beginning is a device which adopt digital technology. This convergence
products that currently appear in the form of mobile phones. In the
telecommunications and computing infrastructure is the content of the content
(content) multimediamendapatkan a great place to grow. Convergence of
telecommunications - is multimedia computing that characterizes the 21st
century, as the 18th century is characterized by the industrial revolution.
When the industrial revolution made the machines instead of 'muscle' man, the
digital revolution (due to the convergence of telecommunications - multimedia
computing occurs through the implementation of digital technology) creates
machines that replace (or at least improve) the 'brains' man.
Application of ICT in Education in
Indonesia
Indonesia never use the term
telematics (Telematics) for roughly the same meaning with ICT as we know it
today ini.Encarta Dictionary describes as telecommunication + informatics
telematics (telecommunication + informatics) despite earlier word meaning the
science of the data transmission. Processing and distribution of information
through telecommunications networks open up many opportunities to be utilized
in various fields of human life, including the one in education. The idea of using
machine-learning, to simulate complex processes, animation processes are
difficult to describe so interesting learning practitioners. Moreover, the
possibility to serve the learning that is not constrained by time and place can
also be facilitated by ICT. In line with that start popping the various jargon
beginning with e, ranging from e-books, e-learning, e-laboratory, e-education,
e-library, and so on. Prefix e means electronics that implicitly interpreted
based digital electronics technology. The use of ICT in learning in Indonesia
has a long history. Initiative organizes educational radio and television
education is an attempt to disseminate information to the education units
scattered throughout the archipelago. This is a form of awareness to optimize
the utilization of technology to help the process of learning communities. The
main weakness of radio and television education is the lack of immediate
feedback. Broadcasts are unidirectional ie from speakers or facilitators to
learners. Introduction of the computer with the ability to process and present
multimedia impressions (text, graphics, images, sound, and moving images)
provide new opportunities to overcome the weaknesses that are not owned radio
and television broadcasts. When the TV is only able to provide direct
information (especially if the material is a material tayangannya recording),
Internet-based learning technologies provide opportunities to interact both
synchronous (real time) or asynchronous (delayed). BerbasisInternet learning allows
learning to occur synchronously with the main advantage that the learner and
the facilitator does not have to be in the same place. The use of video
conferencing technology that is run by using Internet technology enables
learners to be anywhere along the network connected to the computer. In
addition to leading applications like that, some of the other opportunities
that are simpler and less expensive can also be developed in line with advances
in ICT today.
Electronic books
Electronic book or e-book is one
that utilizes computer technology to deliver multimedia information in the form
of a compact and dynamic. In an e-book can be integrated impressions of sound,
graphics, images, animations, maupunmovie so that the information presented is
richer than a conventional book. Types of e-books is that just the simplest
conventional move books into electronic form displayed by the computer. With
this technology, hundreds of books can be stored on a CD or compact disk
(capacity of about 700MB), DVD or digital versatile disk (capacity of 4.7 to
8.5 GB) and flash (currently available capacity up to 16 GB). Form more complex
and require more careful design such as the Encyclopedia Britannica and
Microsoft Encarta encyclopaedia which is in multimedia format. Multimedia
format allows e-book provides not only written information but also sound,
images, movies and other multimedia elements. A description of the type of
music for example, can be accompanied by footage of the sound of music so that
the user can clearly understand what is meant by the renderer.
E-learning
Various definitions can be found
on e-learning. Victoria L. Tinio, for example, stated that e-learning include
learning at all levels, formal and informal, which uses a computer network
(intranet and extranet) for the delivery of teaching materials, interaction,
and / or facilitation. For most of the process of learning that takes place
with the help of the Internet is often referred to as online learning. Broader
definition proposed in the working paper SEAMOLEC, namely e-learning is
learning through electronic services. Although a variety of definitions but
basically agreed that e-learning is learning by utilizing electronic technology
as a means of presentation and distribution of information. Included in the
definition of radio and television broadcasts of education as a form of
e-learning. Although radio and television education is a form of e-learning, it
is generally agreed that e-learning to reach peak form after internet.Internet
synergy with technology-based learning or web-based learning in its simplest
form is a website which is used for presenting the material- learning
materials. This allows learners to access learning resources provided by the
speakers or facilitators whenever desired. When required to be provided special
mailing list for the learning site that serves as a discussion forum. Facility
is a complete e-learning provided by special software called software or
learning management LMS (learning management system). LMS cutting-edge internet
technology-based running so it can be accessed from anywhere over the available
access to the internet. Facilities provided include the management of students
or learners, learning materials management, learning management, including
management of learning evaluation and management of the communication between
the learner with the facilitator-facilitators. This facility allows the
learning activities are managed in the absence of direct face-to-face between
the parties involved (administrators, facilitators, learners or learners).
'Presence' involved parties represented by e-mail, chat channels, or via video
conference.
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